Listening span tasks require participants to listen to sentences and answer a simple question about the sentence, while remembering the last word of each sentence. Participants are sometimes asked to answer a question about the sentences in true–false or multiple-choice format. Reading span requires participants to read sets of sentences while remembering the last word of each sentence. Working memory span measures such as reading span ( Daneman & Carpenter, 1980), listening span ( Babcock & Salthouse, 1990 Salthouse & Babcock, 1991), sentence span (an average of reading and listening span Morrow, Menard, Stine-Morrow, Teller, & Bryant, 2001), and computation span (Babcock & Salthouse Salthouse & Babcock) capture this interaction between concurrent storage and online processing. An important feature of the model is the system's limited capacity, which forces the resources to be shared between storage and processing. Working memory refers to the dynamic relationship between passive storage and active manipulation or transformation of information held in memory ( Baddeley & Hitch, 1974 Kane, Bleckley, Conway, & Engle, 2001 Miyake & Shaw, 1999 Miyake et al., 2000 Oberauer, Süss, Schulze, Wilhelm, & Wittmann, 2000). (Note that, in the Results section, we explicitly test for differences between these methods to ascertain that method effects do not influence the results.)īeginning in the 1980s, working memory span measures were introduced into the literature. The current study includes both the final scoring method, because this is the method most frequently used overall, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS–WAIS-R) method for scoring, which is frequently used in digit span measures.
#Auditory digit span test online series
Span can be calculated in a number of ways, including the total number of words recalled, proportion of words per set, number of words in correct trials, or as the longest series correctly recalled. Testing ends when a participant is incorrect on two trials of the same length. Testing usually begins with a series length of two stimuli and increases by one after two trials. The task of the participant is to repeat the stimuli in the order they were presented. In each of these a series of stimuli (digits, letters, or words, respectively) is presented, visually or auditorily, typically at the rate of one stimulus per second. Measures of short-term memory include forward digit span ( Wechsler, 1955 1981), letter span ( Kinsbourne, 1974 Taub, 1975), and word span ( Baddeley, 1986 Talland, 1965). Two types of tasks can be distinguished: short-term memory span and working memory span. Span tasks are a popular measure in cognitive psychology and neuropsychological testing. IN THIS article, we provide a meta-analysis of the effects of adult age on verbal short-term memory and verbal working memory span tasks, using graphical analysis on the original span metric.
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